Contents

Selected Stats SA publications and releases are being made available in .pdf format, which facilitates both printing and reading on screen.  Acrobat Reader is needed to access these documents.  
To download this software, click on the Acrobat Reader icon below.

Preliminary pages

Executive summary

Chapter 1: Introduction


Chapter 2: Combining census and survey data to construct a poverty map of South Africa

Appendix - Maps (.pdf 2.4 MB)
Appendix - Maps (Download 1.8 MB)
Introduction   
Methodology   
Data       
Comparing Census ’96 income and IES expenditure   
Imputing expenditures in Census ’96   
Poverty mapping using imputed expenditures from Census ’96   
The way forward: Stats SA and the World Bank   
Concluding discussion       
References   

Chapter 3: Key baseline statistics for poverty measurement
Introduction   
Definition of poverty   
Poverty estimates   
    Imputations of monthly household expenditure   
    Comparisons with other countries   
Overall results of Census ’96   
    The people of South Africa   
    The households of South Africa   
Poor households in South Africa   
    Monthly household expenditure by gender of household head and province     
    Monthly household expenditure by population group and gender of household head   
    Monthly household expenditure by urban/non-urban place of residence and by
    province   
    Monthly household expenditure by population group and urban/non-urban
    place of residence   
    Monthly household expenditure by gender and urban/non-urban place of
    residence   
Living conditions of the poor in South Africa   
    Poverty and living conditions   
    Poverty and type of dwelling  
    Poverty and access to infrastructure and services   
    Differences in access to services in urban and non-urban areas     
    Integration   

Life circumstances of the poor in South Africa   
    Level of education and expenditure among the employed, by population group   
    Monthly expenditure by occupation and gender among the employed     
Stats SA development indices   
    Provincial differences   
    Calculating the Stats SA development indices   
    The Stats SA household infrastructure index   
    The Stats SA household circumstances index   
    Comparing the indices   
    Comparing with other indices   
   
Chapter 4: Earnings inequality in South Africa, 1995-1998
Introduction   
Methodology    
    Calculating income   
    Pay and earnings   
    Computing individual income   
Results   
    Inequality   
    Population group and gender   
    Conclusion   
References   

Chapter 5: Income distribution in South Africa: a social accounting matrix approach
Introduction   
Income distribution and social accounting matrix   
Income distribution in South Africa   
    Tax patterns of households   
The economic impact of changing the distribution of income   
    Impact on the present level of economic activity   
    Redistribution options   
Conclusion   
References   

List of Tables, Figures and Maps

      
Chapter 2: Combining census and survey data to construct a poverty map of South Africa

Tables
Table 1:    Comparison of household income from Census ’96 and household
    expenditure from the IES   
Table 1A:    Comparison of imputed expenditure from Census ’96 and household
    expenditure from the IES   
Table 2:    Simple and rank correlation coefficients between Census ’96 income and
    IES expenditure   
Table 3:    Regression of goodness of fit on area of residence and mean expenditure
    (province level)   
Table 4:    Regression of goodness of fit on area or residence and mean expenditure
    (province/EA-type level)   
Table 5:    Regression of goodness of fit on area of residence and mean expenditure
    (district council level)   
Table 6:    Regression of goodness of fit on area of residence and mean expenditure
    (magisterial district level)   
Table 7:    Regression results by province   

Appendix
Appendix Table 1:     Headcount index by province   
Appendix Table 2:    Headcount index by district council     
Appendix Table 3:    Headcount index by magisterial district    

Maps
Map 1:    Poverty distribution in South Africa   
Map 2:    Poverty distribution based on monthly expenditure in South Africa by     province   
Map 3:    Poverty distribution based on monthly expenditure in South Africa by
    district council   
Map 4:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in Eastern Cape by
    magisterial district   
Map 5:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in Free State by
    magisterial district   
Map 6:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in Gauteng by
    magisterial district   
Map 7:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in KwaZulu-Natal
    by magisterial district   
Map 8:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in Mpumalanga by
    magisterial district   
Map 9:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in Northern Cape by
    magisterial district   
Map 10:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in Northern Province
    by magisterial district   
Map 11:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in North West by
    magisterial district   
Map 12:    Distribution of poverty based on monthly expenditure in Western Cape
    by magisterial district   

Folded wall map of Poverty in South Africa inserted on inside of back cover page

Chapter 3: Key baseline statistics for poverty measurement

Tables
Table 1:    The population of South Africa by province and gender     
Table 2:    South African households in urban and non-urban areas by province   
Table 3:    Monthly household expenditure by province and gender of household head   
Table 4:    Monthly household expenditure in urban and non-urban areas in each
    province   
Table 5:    Monthly household expenditure by population group and urban/non-urban
    place of residence   
Table 6:    Access to housing by monthly household expenditure and population group
    of household head   
Table 7:    Access to facilities by monthly household expenditure and population
    group of household head   
Table 8:    Monthly expenditure among the employed aged 20 years or more by
    population group and level of education   
Table 9:    Scores obtained in each province for each variable constituting the two
    Stats SA development indices   
Table 10:    Loadings obtained by each variable on each component constituting the
    two Stats SA development indices (after rotation)   
Table 11:    Cut-off points for calculating the Stats SA household infrastructure index   
Table 12:    Scores obtained by each province on the Stats SA household infrastructure
    index   
Table 13:    Scores obtained by each province on the Stats SA household infrastructure
    index after taking number of households into account     
Table 14:    Scores obtained by each province on the Stats SA household circumstances
    index after taking number of households into account     
Table 15:    Comparing the scores and rankings on Stats SA’s household infrastructure
    and household circumstances indices  

Figures
Figure 1:    Monthly household expenditure by population group and gender of
    household head   
Figure 2:    Monthly household expenditure by urban or non-urban place of residence
    and gender of household head   
Figure 3:    Percentage of African and coloured households with electricity for lighting
    in urban and non-urban areas, by expenditure quintile     
Figure 4:    Monthly household expenditure by occupation and gender of household
    head   

Chapter 4: Earnings inequality in South Africa, 1995-1998

Table
Table 1:    Cut-off points for categorical analysis (Rands per month)     

Figures
Figure 1:    Gini coefficients on pay and earnings, 1995-1998     
Figure 2:    Gini coefficients on pay for African, coloured and white people, 1995-1998   
Figure 3:    Dikhanov diagram of pay, 1998   
Figure 4:    Distribution of monthly per capita pay income by population group, 1998   
Figure 5:    Distribution of monthly per capita earnings by population group, 1998   
Figure 6:    Distribution of monthly per capita pay income by population group and
    gender, 1998   
Figure 7:    Distribution of monthly per capita earnings by population group and
    gender, 1998   

Chapter 5: Income distribution in South Africa: a social accounting matrix approach

Tables
Table 1:    Income class (household per capita income) designation     
Table 2:    Income distribution in the South African economy     
Table 3:    Propensity to save by quintile (%)   
Table 4:    Tax patterns in South Africa (%)   
Table 5:    Gross domestic product generated per unit of income     
Table 6:    Impact on imports per unit income   
Table 7:    Approximate indicators of the effect of some altered income distributions
    in South Africa: 1988   
Table 8:    Approximate indicators of the effects of some altered income distributions
    in South Africa: 1988